What kind of bond is hexane

This chain can be numbered from either end, since no substituents are yet attached. The numbers tell us where the substituents are located on the chain, so they can be attached, as shown in the middle structure below. Finally, hydrogen atoms are introduced to satisfy the tetravalency of carbon. In naming this compound it should be noted that the seven carbon chain is numbered from the end nearest the chlorine by applying rule ii above. This page is the property of William Reusch.

Comments, questions and errors should be sent to whreusch msu. These pages are provided to the IOCD to assist in capacity building in chemical education. In the first case, on the left, we see a seven-carbon ring bearing a C 4 H 9 substituent group. Earlier this substituent was identified as the tert-butyl group, so a name based on the cycloheptane root is easily written.

In the second case, on the right, a four-carbon ring is attached to a branched six-carbon alkyl group. This C 6 H 13 group could be named "isohexyl", but a better approach is to name this compound as a disubstituted pentane. The four-membered ring substituent is called a cyclobutyl group.

More highly substituted cycloalkanes are named in a similar fashion, but care must be taken in numbering the ring. In the example on the left, there are three substituents on the six-membered ring and two are on the same carbon. The disubstituted carbon becomes 1 because the total locator numbers are thereby kept to a minimum.

The ethyl substituent is then located on carbon 3 counter-clockwise numbering , not 5 clockwise numbering.

Alphabetical listing of the substituents then leads to the name "3-ethyl-1,1-dimethylcyclohexane", being careful to assign a locator number to each substituent. Note that if only one methyl substituent was present, the alphabetical citation rule would assign the ethyl group to carbon 1 and the methyl to 3. Both these compounds have double bonds, making them alkenes. In example 1 the longest chain consists of six carbons, so the root name of this compound will be hexene. Three methyl substituents colored red are present.

In example 2 the longest chain incorporating both carbon atoms of the double bond has a length of five. There is a seven-carbon chain, but it contains only one of the double bond carbon atoms. Consequently, the root name of this compound will be pentene.

There is a propyl substituent on the inside double bond carbon atom 2 , so the IUPAC name is: 2-propylpentene.

The next two examples illustrate additional features of chain numbering. As customary, the root chain is colored blue and substituents are red. The double bond in example 3 is located in the center of a six-carbon chain. The double bond would therefore have a locator number of 3 regardless of the end chosen to begin numbering. The right hand end is selected because it gives the lowest first-substituent number 2 for the methyl as compared with 3 for the ethyl if numbering were started from the left.

Example 4 is a diene two double bonds. Both double bonds must be contained in the longest chain, which is therefore five- rather than six-carbons in length. The second and fourth carbons of this 1,4-pentadiene are both substituted, so the numbering begins at the end nearest the alphabetically first-cited substituent the ethyl group.

These examples include rings of carbon atoms as well as some carbon-carbon triple bonds. Issue contents. Article statistics. Supporting information. Download PDF of article. Acta Cryst.

Open access. Reiss , M. The shape of the hexane-1,6-diaminium cation is best described as a double hook. See Fig. Polar covalent molecules exist whenever there is an asymmetry , or uneven distribution of electrons in a molecule. One or more of these asymmetric atoms pulls electrons more strongly than the other atoms. For example, the polar compound methyl alcohol has a negative pole made of carbon and hydrogen and a positive pole made of oxygen and hydrogen see Fig. When molecules are symmetrical , however, the atoms pull equally on the electrons and the charge distribution is uniform.

Symmetrical molecules are nonpolar. Because nonpolar molecules share their charges evenly, they do not react to electrostatic charges like water does. Covalent molecules made of only one type of atom, like hydrogen gas H2 , are nonpolar because the hydrogen atoms share their electrons equally.

Molecules made of more than one type of covalently bonded nonmetal atoms, like carbon dioxide gas CO2 , remain nonpolar if they are symmetrical or if their atoms have relatively equal pull.

Even large compounds like hexane gasoline C6H14 , is symmetrical and nonpolar. Electrostatic charges do not seem to have much, if any, effect on nonpolar compounds. Further Investigations. Activity: Water and Electrostatic Forces. Special Features:. Representative Image:. Further Investigations: What is an Invertebrate? Question Set: What is a Mammal? Further Investigations: What is a Mammal? Share and Connect.